7 Famous Women in the History of Latin America

Developing A Better Diagnosis And Treatment For The...

In the past, social workers and other helping professional have only focused on the client with the problem, assuming the professional has the knowledge to treat the issue. Social worker now know that it is essential to analyze human behavior in social environments to develop a better diagnosis and treatment for the problem. A helpful practice in social work and other related fields is the system theory and ecological perspective. One of the first steps in assisting clients is identifying the presenting problems. There are several alarming components in Charlie situation. Charlie has been living with his maternal aunt Eleanor for the past three months due to the fact that his biological mother Eloise suffers from depressive episodes. His mother has a history of having this illness since her early twenties. Her depressive episodes seem to be triggered by the recent birth of Eloise’s daughter Pearl. Josefsson, Larsson, Sydsjà ¶, and Nylander (2007) noted that, postpartum depression is common during the first 6-12 weeks after parturition and it usually disappears after a couple of months, but may continue for one year after childbearing if untreated. Eloise could be suffering from postpartum depression since there seems to be a connection between the time of her child’s birth and her condition. Another concerning factor is the effects of Charlie displacement. Charlie has been accustomed to living with both of his parents and now he forced to live with his aunt. Johnson, Yoken,Show MoreRelatedNursing Approaches For Dual Diagnosis Patients905 Words   |  4 Pagesmade regarding vocational approaches for dual diagnosis patients such as supported employment, most individuals are incapable of putting in hours with significant endeavours. Study by Lysaker et al (2009) showed that CBT permitted patients to engage in employment. 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The disease first appears around the age of sixty. Studies have concluded that as many as 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease. A person with Alzheimer’s loses connections between neurons in the brain (1). Scientists do not know exactly what causes Alzheimer’s, but

Elizabeth I 2 free essay sample

Elizabeth I A ; Marlowe # 8217 ; s Faustus # 8211 ; Pragmatism And Lasting Accomplishment Vs. Impetousity And Fleeting Essay, Research Paper Henryk Jaronowski English 9H, 7 Mrs. Ritter Winter 1998 Elizabeth I A ; Marlowe # 8217 ; s Faustus # 8211 ; Pragmatism and Lasting Accomplishment vs. Impetousity and Fleeting Aggrandizement Goethe # 8217 ; s Faust. Milton # 8217 ; s Paradise Lost. Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Macbeth. All celebrated plants which were foreshadowed by a drama called The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, a drama so great as to do Goethe say # 8220 ; How greatly is it planned! # 8221 ; ( Knoll 72 ) . Doctor Faustus was written by Christopher Marlowe, a poet whose celebrity among his coevalss is 2nd merely to Shakespeare # 8217 ; s ( Farnham 1 ) . Marlowe lived in an England ruled by Elizabeth I, a great patronne of the humanistic disciplines every bit good as a matter-of-fact swayer whose chief usage for power was the improvement of the land and the general populace. In this celebrated drama, which many consider to be Marlowe # 8217 ; s coronating accomplishment, the bookman Faustus, blinded with the lecherousness for power and cognition, marks a diabolic treaty in which he trades his ageless psyche for 24 old ages of his fondest wants ( Farnham 6-7 ) . Faustus so goes on to blow what small power was given him on increasing his celebrity ( Frye 57 ) . In blunt contrast to Elizabeth I # 8217 ; s matter-of-fact usage for power, Marlowe # 8217 ; s Faustus, blinded by a awful lecherousness for power, squandered what small dirty power was allotted him by Lucifer, carry throughing nil of any existent permanent value and functioning no cause salvage his ain fugitive aggrandisement. Elizabeth I was arguably one of the most effectual swayers England of all time had ; a # 8220 ; royal rational # 8221 ; , Elizabeth # 8217 ; s chief involvement in mind, was its power to act upon people and events. She was a matter-of-fact queen who loved to chew over over her options ( Kendall 1-2 ) . For illustration, Elizabeth sympathized with her Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart Queen of Scots, both as a queen and as a adult female but, when a Catholic secret plan against Elizabeth # 8217 ; s life failed, she overcame her personal feelings sing Mary. This allowed her leting her to do a difficul tchoice # 8212 ; the pick to hold Mary executed on February 8, 1587. She did this to take the Catholic menace for the good of the state ( Johnson 39-41 ) . She neer married and used her girlhood as a tool of statesmanship, playing her suers, both Catholic and Protestant, against each other ( Slavin ) . # 8220 ; Moved by male beauty, she neer succumbed to it, and could convey herself to d irect her loved Essex to the block # 8221 ; ( Smith nine ) . One of the great talkers of her clip, her addresss could motivate the populace, wheedle Parliament into making what she them to make, and smooth over many delicate diplomatic state of affairss ( Green 30 ) . Her pragmatism and endowment helped do England a great cultural centre and a force with which to be reckoned. She was a great patronne of the humanistic disciplines every bit good as making many things, merely some of which are the undermentioned: doing the Church of England England # 8217 ; s chief church, avoiding war with Roman Catholic states, driving back the Spanish Armada, set uping England as # 8220 ; Queen of the Seas # 8221 ; through her defeating Spain, and assisting the economic system of England to thrive ( Slavin ) . Literature and the humanistic disciplines flourished ; Marlowe, Shakespeare, and Spenser wrote Doctor Faustus, Julius Caesar, and The Fairy Queene, severally. The dominance of the matter- of-fact Elizabeth I to the English throne in 1558 at the stamp age of 24 marked the beginning of a new # 8220 ; aureate age # 8221 ; for England ( Slavin ) . In blunt contrast to Elizabeth # 8217 ; s pragmatism and achievement, Faustus was an rational whose impetuousness and lecherousness for personal celebrity finally destroyed him. He becomes disillusioned with normal scholarly chases and, believing that # 8220 ; A sound prestidigitator is a demi-god # 8221 ; , declares # 8220 ; Here tyre, my encephalons, to acquire a divinity! # 8221 ; ( Marlowe 9 ) . The chief organic structure of readying that Faustus makes before raising Mephistopheles consists simply of woolgathering about what he will make with diabolic power. Faustus hopes to utilize his powers to do liquors bring for him gold from India, pearls from the oceans, and # 8220 ; pleasant fruits and princely delicates # 8221 ; ( Marlowe, Doctor 9 ) from the New World. He daydreams about holding the liquors wall Germany with brass, holding the liquors take the signiory of Emden, and holding the liquors drive the Prince of Parma from Germany ( Marlowe, Doctor 9 ) . All of these e arly purposes, nevertheless grandiose, are still simply for Faustus # 8217 ; s aggrandisement ( Sewall 63-64 ) . This hastiness is # 8220 ; feature of Faustus, who far excessively briefly considers and rejects his achievements in all major subdivisions of larning # 8211 ; he rejects a basic regulation of thaumaturgy, black or white. He resolves to raise at one time, and therefore makes impossible the purification, the ritual readyings, recommended by charming handbooks† ( Traister 80 ) . He is blinded with lecherousness for diabolic power, stating â€Å"How am I glutted with amour propre of this! † in scene one ( Marlowe 10 ) . After a short lesson in simple thaumaturgy from his friends Valdes and Cornelius, Faustus attempts to name up Mephistopheles by declaiming a enchantment in which he renounces his religion in the Christian Trinity and â€Å"turns to the infernal three of Lucifer, Beelzebub, and Demogorgon† ( Marlowe 18 ) . Mephistopheles appears, and when asked by Faustus if his â€Å"conjuring speeches† summoned him, he says that it was non the raising enchantment in of itself that brought him, but instead that the enchantment had brought him because of something it happened to include: viz. , his â€Å"rack [ ing ] the name of God, Abjur [ ing ] the Bibles and his Jesus Christ† ( Marlowe 20 ) . Mephistopheles goes on to state that he seeks Faustus†™s psyche, that Faustus is â€Å"in danger to be damn’d† , and that a show of Faustus’s preparedness to give up his psyche to the Devil brought him to Faustus of his ain free will ( Marlowe 20 ) . Faustus so rushes into the judicious act of selling his psyche to the Devil for 24 old ages of Mephistopheles’ service ( Marlowe 30 ) . He is even eager to sell his psyche, stating â€Å"Had I as many psyches as at that place be stars, I’d give them all for Mephistopheles† ( Marlowe 22 ) . Faustus follows obscure feelings of dissatisfaction to sell his immortal psyche to the Devil for 24 old ages of service from Mephistopheles. Faustus’s hotheaded actions lead to his ruin and warrant that his life after taking up raising has small achievement of any digesting value. Faustus # 8217 ; s unforesightful pick to give up all that he accomplished as a bookman to sell his psyche to the Satan ensured that his name would travel down through the ages, non as a great bookman, but as a cut-up and a weak adult male # 8212 ; an illustration of what determinations one should non do. His life was, before his breach from the honest scientific disciplines, bright and full of promise. He was the pride of Wittenberg, for he was # 8220 ; grac # 8217 ; vitamin D with physician # 8217 ; s name # 8221 ; , his # 8220 ; measures [ were ] hung up as memorials # 8221 ; , and he cured a # 8220 ; thousand desperate maladies # 8221 ; ( Marlowe 5 ) . Faustus # 8217 ; s place after subscribing the treaty is non far from that of a roving entertainer # 8211 ; he goes from tribunal to tribunal, seting on shows and drawing buffooneries. Faustus entertains the emperor he had hoped to command, and # 8220 ; finds himself pensioned off at the decision of the eventide # 821 7 ; s show. # 8221 ; ( Frye 57 ) The liquors which he had hoped would convey him wealths merely conveying out-of-season grapes to fulfill the pregnant Duchess of Vanholt # 8217 ; s cravings. # 8220 ; Faustus accepts the backing of those whom he one time wished to patronize. # 8221 ; ( Frye 57 ) . If non for Faustus # 8217 ; s impractical and unforesightful determination to sell his psyche, he might hold gone down in history as a great bookman and doctor instead than a adult male who was tricked into giving up illustriousness for junior-grade charming fast ones and fugitive celebrity. When looking at the drama The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, one can non assist but inquire what comparings, contrasts, or fables Marlowe wished to leave upon person reading his drama. Possibly he wished to demo a contrast between the impetuousness and fugitive captivation of the Faustus of his drama and the pragmatism and permanent celebrity of the swayer of his state. Possibly he wished to do the reader walk off with a moral # 8211 ; # 8221 ; # 8216 ; Tis better to be an Elizabeth than a Faustus. # 8221 ; Plants Cited Farnham, Willard erectile dysfunction. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Doctor Faustus. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Frye, Roland M. # 8220 ; Marlowe # 8217 ; s Doctor Faustus: The Repudiation of Humanity. # 8221 ; In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Doctor Faustus. Ed. Willard Farnham. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Green, Robert. Queen Elizabeth I. New York: Franklin Watts, 1997. Johnson, Paul. Elizabeth I ; a life. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974. Kendall, Allen. Elizabeth I. New York: St. Martin # 8217 ; s Press, 1977. Knoll, Robert E. Christopher Marlowe. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963. Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. London: Meuthen and Co. Ltd. , 1972. Sewall, Richard B. # 8220 ; The Vision of Tragedy in Doctor Faustus. # 8221 ; In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Doctor Faustus. Ed. Willard Farnham. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Slavin, Arthur J. # 8220 ; Elizabeth I. # 8221 ; World Book 96 Multimedia Encyclopedia, CD-ROM. Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Elizabeth Tudor: Portrayal of a Queen. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1975. Traister, Barbara Howard. # 8220 ; Doctor Faustus: Maestro of Self-Delusion. # 8221 ; In Christopher Marlowe # 8217 ; s Doctor Faustus. Ed. Howard Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1988.

John Snow (The Father of Epidemiology)

Introduction John Snow was a medical practitioner of English descent. He was instrumental in the acceptance of anaesthesia in the medical field. Snow is also hailed for his extensive study and contribution in the field of medical hygiene. However, he is best known for his work in relation to epidemiology. Snow carried out extensive research on the transmission and control of cholera. Due to his efforts, he is rightfully referred to as the father of epidemiology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Snow (The Father of Epidemiology) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Whenever there is a sudden occurrence of a disease in a locality, it is expected that medical experts will visit the area to probe on its causes and on possible remedies (Rothman, 2012, p.34). But in the recent past, diseases were seen as a form of punishment from God or as resulting from invincible forces that were unknown to mankind. John S now was very instrumental in changing all that. In 1854, the Soho area of London was struck by an eruption of cholera. Snow hypothesised that the disease emanated from water that came into contact with raw sewage (Rothman, 2012, p.44). Back in the day, piped water was not available in homes. People got water from central points that were strategically positioned in the neighbourhood. In the day, people maintained that cholera resulted from invisible gases known as miasma. John Snow did not subject to this school of thought. Snow drew a map indicating the location of all water pumps and the dwelling points of all the locals who were affected by the pandemic (Rothman, 2012, p.67). In the end, Snow successfully showed that all the people who were affected consumed water from a specific pump in the neighbourhood. Snow forwarded his findings to the local authorities. They gave credence to snow’s theory. Consequently, the authorities disabled the central pump and the pandemic cease d. Scientists constantly disagree on various issues. They evaluate nature by conducting scientific experiments. Scientists change their perception of nature whenever they formulate a new set of ideas on a particular area of concern (Merrill, 2010, p.88). After Snow’s research, scientists changed their understanding of cholera. Snow’s research undertakings in relation to cholera are still relevant in the contemporary field of medicine. From his works, it is evident that the first step in fighting a disease of cholera’s nature is to establish how the disease is spread from one person to another. This is followed by the execution of preventive measures. Snow opined that the causative agent of cholera was microscopic, cell-like and capable of multiplying (Merrill, 2010, p.97).Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike his colleagues in the medical field, Snow directed hi s energy into determining how the disease was communicated from one individual to another. Snow focused his attention on the social factors that favoured the communication of cholera. The factors were: unavailability of soap and clean water, lack of light to detect contamination, lack of knowledge on hygienic practices and human activities in mines that forced men to dispose their faecal wastes inappropriately (Merrill, 2010, p.112). Conclusion Snow is remembered for having studied fields that were dear to human race. He majored on the formulation of a safe and reliable surgical anaesthesia and put immeasurable effort into forestalling cholera. From his studies, it is clear that a disease cannot be treated without a clear understanding of how it is transmitted. Snow’s work has largely influenced the modern field of epidemiology. Researchers draw inspiration from his determination and regard for science. Snow’s research continues to inspire modern epidemiologists in the ir work. In the recent past, many communicable diseases have been effectively cured through research. References Merrill, R. (2010). Introduction to Epidemiology. London: Jones Bartlett. Rothman, K. (2012). Epidemiology: An Introduction. London: Oxford University Press. This essay on John Snow (The Father of Epidemiology) was written and submitted by user Annabelle Noble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Cite a Website in Harvard Referencing

How to Cite a Website in Harvard Referencing How to Cite a Website in Harvard Referencing With so much information now available online, you may need to cite a website in a piece of academic writing at some point. But since most referencing systems focus on books and journals, knowing how this works can be tricky. Thus, to help out, we’ve prepared this quick guide to citing a website using Harvard referencing. In-Text Citations (Named Author) To cite a website in Harvard referencing, you will need to give the author’s surname and a year of publication. For instance: Rousseau converted to Catholicism in 1728 (Bertram, 2010). If you have already named the author in the main text, though, you don’t need to duplicate this information in the citation. Instead, you can just give a year of publication in brackets after the author’s name. In addition, since websites don’t have page numbers, you will not usually need to give a pinpoint citation when quoting an online source. However, for long or complicated texts, you could include a paragraph or section number (use â€Å"para.† to signal a paragraph number or the â€Å" §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  symbol to denote a section). So to cite a website like this, we would write: According to Bertram (2010,  § 2.1), Rousseau thought morality had been displaced by â€Å"the impulse to dominate, oppress and exploit.† Make sure to check your style guide for information on citing sources with no page numbers, though, as different places will have different rules. In-Text Citations (No Named Author/Date of Publication) To cite a website that does not name its author, the best approach is usually to reference an organizational author instead. This will be the company or organization that runs the website: Tax avoidance often involves using contrived transactions that serve no purpose other than exploiting legal loopholes (HMRC, 2016). If no date of publication is available, you can use â€Å"n.d.† in its place: Moths are â€Å"an essential part of food chains† (RSPB, n.d.). It can be hard to spot the author and publication date for websites, though, so make sure to check carefully before omitting this information from citations. How to Cite a Website in the Reference List As with any source in your work, you should add all cited websites to a reference list at the end of your document. The information you need here is: Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year or Publication/Last Update) Title of Web Page [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. In practice, then, the reference list entry for a website would look like this: Bertram, C. (2010) Jean Jacques Rousseau [Online]. Available at: plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/ [Accessed 24 October 2016]. Of course, if a webpage is missing a named author or date of publication, this should also be indicated in the reference list: RSPB (n.d.) Grow Food for Moths [Online]. Available at: https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/makeahomeforwildlife/givenatureahomeinyourgarden/gardenactivities/growfoodformoths/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. A Quick Note on Harvard Referencing Although Harvard referencing is a common citation style, it is not a single unified system. As such, the rules your school uses may differ, so you should always check your style guide if you are not sure how to cite sources.

Overview of the Worlds Offset Time Zones

Overview of the World's Offset Time Zones While most of the world is familiar with time zones that differ in increments of an hour, there are many places in the world that use offset time zones. These time zones are offset by a half-hour or even fifteen minutes off of the standard twenty four time zones of the world. The twenty four time zones of the world are based on fifteen degree increments of longitude. This is so because the earth takes twenty four hours to rotate and there are 360 degrees of longitude, so 360 divided by 24 equals 15. Thus, in one hour the sun moves across fifteen degrees of longitude. The offset time zones of the world were designed to better coordinate noon as the point in the day when the sun is at its highest point in the sky. India, the worlds second most populous country utilizes an offset time zone. India is a half-hour ahead of Pakistan to the west and a half-hour behind Bangladesh to the east. Iran is a half-hour ahead of its western neighbor Iraq while Afghanistan, just east of Iran, is an hour ahead of Iran but is a half-hour behind neighboring countries such as Turkmenistan and Pakistan. Australias Northern Territory and South Australia are offset in the Australian Central Standard Time zone. These central portions of the country are offset by being a half-hour behind the east (Australian Eastern Standard Time) coast but an hour and a half ahead of the state of Western Australia (Australian Western Standard Time). In Canada, much of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador are in the Newfoundland Standard Time (NST) zone, which is a half-hour ahead of Atlantic Standard Time (AST). The island of Newfoundland and southeastern Labrador are in NST while the remainder of Labrador along with neighboring provinces New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia lie in AST. Venezuelas offset time zone was established by President Hugo Chavez in late 2007. Venezuelas offset time zone makes it a half hour earlier than Guyana to the east and a half hour later than Colombia to the west. One of the most unusual time zone offsets is Nepal, which is fifteen minutes behind neighboring Bangladesh, which is on a standard time zone. Nearby Myanmar (Burma), is a half-hour ahead of Bangladesh but an hour ahead of offset India. The Australian territory of the Cocos Islands shares the time zone of Myanmar. The islands of Marquesas in French Polynesia are also offset and are a half-hour ahead of the rest of French Polynesia. Use the Elsewhere on the Web links associated with this article to explore more about offset time zones, including maps.

Gangs in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gangs in Canada - Essay Example Further, Carrington presents an analysis of data that suggests that gang participation and indeed, group participation in crime if relatively low in Canada. One of the critique's that will be raised in relation to Carrington's argument, is that he does not take into consideration the relatively low amount of gun crime in Canada. Therefore, the hypothesis that will be pursued, will ask, is there a correlation or causal relationship between (a) strict gun laws and little gun manufacturing, (b) a low incidence of violent gun crime, and finally, (c) the relatively low-incidence of gang crime in Canada? Carrington establishes a number of important conclusions in his study titled: â€Å"Group crime in Canada† (2002), is that relative to the past and relative to other geographical locations, gang-related crime is low in Canada. Before addressing how he approaches the causes of gang and group crime, some remarks on the methodology and data used by Carrington. One of the more important methodological concerns, regards where the data comes from that leads Carrington to the conclusions that he makes. The data collection for Carrington's analysis, comes from the UCR2 data-set which is compiled by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics [Carrington, 2002]. ... Carrington points out that the total amount of possible crimes that his sample set covers, is actually only â€Å"14 percent† [Carrington, 2002] of the total crimes. Further, and as he notes in the end-notes, the sample is of course, only the crimes for which an allegation or a conviction was made [Carrington, 2002]. In other words, he is acknowledging there is a limitation with regard to focusing only on convictions, and therefore, also includes allegations, the author is acknowledging that this is not capturing the entire picture. Unquestionably, the crime that goes undetected is not captured in Carrington's data, and this is one of the problems that he openly acknowledges. Further, Carrington also points out that there is a limitation because the data only amounts to 14 percent of the total crimes that have occurred between 1992 and 1999. Among the 21 categories of crime that Carrington presents, he points out that â€Å"24 percent of offenders in the present sample offend ed with identified accomplices† [Carrington, 2002]. Further, this is not only a low number in contrast to the total amount of data collected in the 21 categories of crime, it is also a number that is low in relation to past statistics but also very different across geographical divides. The general areas examined, include Gender, Age, type of Crime, which includes how â€Å"serious† [Carrington, 2002] , and finally, the â€Å"degree of harm† [Carrington, 2002] caused by the crime. As Carrington points out, the degree of harm is actually the determining factor for how â€Å"serious† the crime is. Which is why it is being mentioned here as a sub-group or sub-category of information that is presented by Carrington. As mentioned in the introduction, one of the short-comings of Carrington's

Debate on CSR related issues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate on CSR related issues - Coursework Example (Steven, 2003). The responsibilities of businesses are limited to making profits for the initiators or owners of the business. Profit earned from the business is a reward to the risk takers and is used either as income to the owner or it is used to improve their standard of living. The thoughts of businesses having a social responsibility are uncalled for since it is only people who have duties to perform or attend to. This can be loosely translated to mean that it is only people who have social responsibilities to look after. Businesses are artificial persons and in this sense, may have artificial responsibilities that cannot be in any way linked to or associated with the owners of the business (The New York Times, 1970). Persons are responsible at individual level and not the business as a whole, therefore if one was to categorize responsibility in its measure; then it would have to be at individual level and not as cooperate or as a business entity. Business entities are established with goals and objectives and among the most common objective is to increase market share which directly translates to increased profits except for entities or organizations started with the aim of providing community services such as community hospitals and schools (Sullivan & Steven, 2007). The primary responsibility of any cooperate institution to maximize the potential for the value of their product, and this translates into increased customer preference hence increased profits. The business entity will, therefore, have a primary responsibility of maximizing sales through different approaches such as advertising or packaging and these approaches will be aimed at increasing the profit margin. Social responsibilities on the other hand are initiatives related to employment creation, reducing or eliminating discrimination based on race, cultures, religion, ethnicity, among other factors and controlling environmental pollution (The New York Times, 1970). Individual associates

Coach Inc. Essay Example for Free

Coach Inc. Essay Coach Inc. in 2012: Its Strategy in the â€Å"Accessible† Luxury Goods Market Coach was founded in 1941 when Miles Cahn, a New York City leather artisan began producing leader handbags. In 1981, Coach was able to grow at a steady rate by setting prices about 50% lower than those of more luxurious brands, adding new models, and establishing accounts with retailers such as Bloomingdale’s and Saks Fifth Avenue. After 44 years of family management, Coach was sold to diversified food and consumers goods producers, Sara Lee. The company continued to build a strong reputation for long-lasting, classic handbag. By the mid-1990s Coach’s performance began to decline as consumers developed a stronger preference for stylish French and Italian designer brands. In order to solve the problem, in 1996, Coach hired a new creative director and began to conduct the extensive customer surveys and focus groups to ask customers about styling, comfort, and functionality preferences. By 2000, the changes to Coach’s strategy and operation allowed the brand to build a sizeable lead in the â€Å"accessible luxury† segment of the leather handbags and accessories industry and made it a solid performer in Sara Lee’s business lineup. At the last quarter of 2000, Sara Lee management elected to spin off Coach through an IPO. After that, Coach Inc.’s financial result and stock price performance proved to be stellar, as its quadrupled growth in annual sales reach $4.2 billion in 2012. As coach was evolving more of a global growth-oriented in 2012, it was believed that the key growth initiatives was stores expansion in the U.S, Japan, Hong Kong, and mainland of China. In addition, Coach was considering expanding to the European and North America market but the threats from the existing prestigious brand are too strong. Coach was also racing to build brand loyalty in China, India, and other developing countries. These strategies are the tools to boost Coach’s profit margin and stabilize its stock which fell by nearly $20 in the first six months of 2012. Coach Inc. – Internal Analysis SWOT analysis: Identifying Strength and Weakness Strength The quality of the product is equal with the rivals, but Coach can sell it with 50% lower price. The product is distinctive, easily recognizable, extremely well made, and provided with excellent value Excellent service for  its customer: Coach replace damage handbag regardless the age of the bag Weakness The model of the product can be easily imitated The fact that the share price of coach is declining in the beginning of 2012 showed us that this company is vulnerable toward economic condition Competitive Advantage and Core Competencies: Resource Based View A company’s resources and capabilities represent its competitive assets and are big determinants of its competitiveness and ability to succeed in the marketplace. Resource Based-View should rely on: (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland III, 2014) Tangible asset: Coach has many stores around the world, Coach is flexible in terms of sourcing, it have a good control and research and development system Intangible asset: Coach has really good reputation, Women‘s Wear Daily survey stated that Coach quality, styling, and value mix is really powerful. In 2014, Coach Inc. became one of 100 most valuable brands in the world by Forbes. (Forbes.com, 2015). Coach Inc. also has a really good partnership in term of product manufacturing with China, Vendors in Vietnam and India, and also product development in Hong Kong, China, South Korea, also India and Vietnam. Those two kind of assets must be: (Jurevicius, 2013) Heterogeneous: Coach has different bundle of resources that make it different from the other. It have good knowledge in term of consumer preference, it have a good manufacturing and product development contract with outsourcing company Immobile: Coach’s resources and capabilities will stay in the company for quite a long time. Coach brand reputation and good relationship with outsourcing companies will create good core competencies for Coach Inc. Value Chain Analysis Primary Activities Supply Chain Management: Coach’s procurement process only selected the highest quality of leather. Operations: The operation process of Coach’s product is based on its sourcing agreement with quality offshore manufacturers, this contract help Coach in building reputation for high quality and value. Distribution: Coach’s channel distribution involved direct to consumer channels and indirect channels. Direct channels included  full-price stores in the U.S, internet sales, catalog sales, and stores in both China and Japan. Indirect sales included wholesale account with department stores in the U.S and other international market. Sales and Marketing: Monthly product launches to make purchase in regular basis to increase the frequency of consumer visit. The full-price stores’ designed to show luxury image, so it enhance the brand awareness to grow market share. In marketing, Coach communicates with customers through wide range of direct marketing activities including email, website, catalogs, and brochures. Service: Coach provides service to its customers by refurbish or replace damaged handbag regardless of the age of the bag. In peak shopping periods Coach provide additional store employees to ensure customers’ satisfaction. Company allow customers to have special request service as they are allowed to order merchandise for home delivery if particular handbag not available in the store Supporting Activities Product RD, Technology, and Systems Development: Coach is doing major consumer research quarterly to define product trends, selection, and consumer desires. Human Resource Management: Coach provides its store employees with regular customer service training programs. General Administration: Coach is forming collaboration with offshore manufacturers with 40 suppliers in 15 countries. It allows Coach to maintain sizeable pricing advantage relative to other luxury hand bag brands. VRIO Approach Is the resource â€Å"valuable†? Coach has very valuable resources. It has many stores around the world; it has a good relationship with offshore manufacturers so Coach can keep competitive in term of price. Coach also a brand with a good reputation. Is the resource â€Å"rare†? A reputation is not something that easily obtained by a brand. Having a reputation of the world’s most valuable brand give Coach a good competitive advantage in this industry. Is the resource â€Å"imitable†? Coach is having a valuable research about its partnership with offshore manufactures, it something that can be imitated by the competitors, but to imitate something like this will take a really long time, difficult, and costly. Is the resource â€Å"organized to capture value†? Coach’s products give value to middle income woman to feel the experience of having luxury brand. Conclusion and Recommendation To conclude based on the RBV, VRIO, and value chain analysis, Coach Inc. has already the competitive advantage that can help it to sustain in this industry. But as Coach Inc. want to penetrate to European and North America market, I recommend it to elaborate more strategy of differentiation, because many luxury brand in Europe and North America can provide the same price as Coach did. The differentiation can be in term of value given to the customers, so Coach will not be considered as luxury brand only but also something that give impression to its customers. Bibliography The Worlds Most valuable Brand. (2015). Retrieved March 8, 2015, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list/ Jurevicius, O. (2013, October 14). Resource Based View. Retrieved March 8, 2015, from Strategic Management Insight: http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/topics/resource-based-view.html Thompson, A. A., Peteraf, M. A., Gamble, J. E., Strickland III, A. J. (2014). Crafting and Executing Strategy The Quest for Competitive Advantage Concept Cases. McGrawHill Education.

Plot Summary of A Midsummer Nights Dream :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a romantic play about love-struck relationships that deal with lust, jealousy, and revenge. Key characters are Theseus, Hippolyta, Lysander, Hermia, Egeus, Demetrius, Helena, Oberon, Titantia, Puck, and Nick Bottom. Theseus is the king of Athens, who is engaged with his fiancà ©, Hippolyta, the queen of Amazon. Lysander is an Athenian man who is in love with Hermia, the daughter of Egeus. Hermia is also in love with Lysander. Demetrius is an Athenian man who also loves Hermia, and wishes to wed with her. Helena is Demetrius’s old lover, and a close friend of Hermia. Oberon is the king of fairies, and Titantia is the queen of fairies. Puck, or Robin Goodfellow, is a fairy who makes love potions for Oberon. Lastly, Nick Bottom is a weaver whose head is turned into an ass for his ridiculous mistakes and foolishness. The setting takes place in Athens and in the forest. The time period is approximately around ancient Greece. There are three conflicts throughout the play, which are: the dilemma between Lysander and Demetrius both falling in love with Hermia, Helena’s plan to regain the relationship with Demetrius, and the decision of whether the Indian prince should be knighted or not. Lysander and Hermia wishes to wed together but Egeus wants her to wed with Demetrius. They both eloped to the forest, in order to get married at Lysander’s aunt’s house. Helena is, however, still in love with Demetrius. Demetrius cruelly left her for Hermia. For revenge, Helena overheard the news of elopement and told Demetrius, who follows her to the forest to hunt for Lysander and Hermia. The problem of Indian prince is that Oberon wishes to have him knighted, but Titantia is against it. Key events are: when Oberon sees the trouble between the love-triangle of Lysander, Hermia, Helena, and Demetrius, he decided to help. Oberon sends Puck to make love potions and powders on Demetrius’s eyelids, so he can fall in love with the first person he sees, supposedly Helena. However, Puck mistaken Lysander for Demetrius, and instead puts on Lysander. As a result, both Lysander and Demetrius are in love with Helena. Oberon also demanded revenge for Titantia, and makes Puck use his love potion on Titantia.

Different Cultural Identities Dilemma Essay

The memoir Farewell to Manzanar, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, tells of her experience at Manzanar internment camp after the Pacific War broke out. During the internment of Japanese-Americans, their living standards fell drastically; moreover, they faced Japanese and American values and identity conflicts. It was hard for these Japanese Americans to maintain two different cultural identities for several reasons. In the first place, they suffered from racial discrimination. In the 1940s, mainstream society and the government discriminated against Japanese Americans who were viewed as potentially dangerous people who might betray the US. Thus, Japanese Americans found it was hard to be accepted by others in America. In addition, they largely insisted on their own cultural identities. They were not willing to give up Japanese identities after arriving in America. Chinese immigrants would like to get together and formed Chinatown for the same reason. In the article, â€Å"Two wor lds, one family,† Jen Maldonado was imposed on pressure by her Taiwanese friends who insisted on Chinese culture, when she wanted to develop a cross-cultural relationship with an American. It is hard to successfully balance two different cultural identities because of racial discrimination and the adherence to people’s former culture as will be shown using evidence from Farewell to Manzanar, â€Å"Two worlds, one family† and my personal observations. In the 1940s, Japanese-Americans suffered from racial discrimination; thus, they had a hard time getting into mainstream society and balancing their cultural identities. The government never showed full trust towards these immigrants who were viewed as threats to American national security. In order to supervise Japanese-Americans and prevent any potential danger, the government relocated Japanese Americans to internment camps, which exacerbated cultural conflicts and undermined basic human rights. The racist decision that the government made led Japanese Americans to feel that they were incompatible with American culture. Because of the racial discrimination the government initialized, many Japanese immigran ts thought they were insulted, and so they struggled to accept their American identities. Some of them even wanted to get rid of American identities and went back to Japan. As a result, racial discrimination threatened their American identities. Houston and her friend Radine shared many qualities in common and became the best friends. Although they were socially equal, they were treated in completely different ways because of racism. Houston was not culturally accepted by mainstream society as Radine was. Boys were more likely to ask Radine to the dances, even though they flirted with Houston. Houston was barred from sororities, but Radine was admitted to join them. Houston said that, â€Å"Watching, I am simply emptied, and in the dream I want to cry out, because she is something I can never be†(172). Houston never stopped attempting to retain American identity; however, prejudice of her oriental characteristics obstructed her effort. She looked forward to fulfilling her American identity, but she was too helpless and powerless to challenge enormous racial discrimination, Other than prejudice against Japanese-Americans, another reason that caused people from different cultures to struggle to balance two cultural iden tities was adherence to their own culture. After arriving at the continent and staying there for years, many Japanese immigrants still considered that they were more Japanese than American. They were not willing to give up their own culture, and so they confronted cultural conflicts. A minority of people in the camps labeled members of the Japanese American Citizens League â€Å"inu† for â€Å"having helped the army arrange a peaceful and orderly evacuation†(67). â€Å"Inu† meant collaborator or informer in Japanese. The hatred towards these pro-American Japanese immigrants and disrespectful insult words revealed their strong belief in Japan and hostility towards America. To people’s surprise, the author’s father who stood up to defend the point of view that immigrants should be loyal to American government was assaulted and condemned by his peers. Although these pro-Japan immigrants had been in America for many years, they still insisted that they were more Japanese. It was the thought that some Japanese Americans were not capable of integrating into American culture and balancing two identities. Chinatown exemplified that Chinese immigrants insisted on their own culture. Chinese immigrants were viewed as a group of conservative and un-American people after they first came to America. They showed keen interests in preserving Chinese culture, but they would not adapt themselves to American society. Therefore, their refusal to give up Chinese identity led to their isolation and failure to balance two cultural identities Their adherence promoted the formation of Chinatown, a Chinese world in alien countries. In the article, â€Å"Two worlds, one family,† â€Å"Jen’s Taiwanese friends started giving her grief for dating an American.† They were strict about Chinese culture and rejected the cross-cultural marriage. Jen was also warned that she â€Å"‘needed to stick with someone from her own culture.'† By this, her friends hoped that Jen could retain her Chinese identity by narrowing down her dating range. However, many cases had proven that the cross-cultural marriage played an important role in balancing different cultura l identities. When people with different cultural backgrounds decide to form cross-cultural families, they build a bridge of cultural communication. Thus, her friends’ thoughts undermined cultural exchange. To conclude, it is hard to successfully balance two different cultural identities. Racial discrimination stopped Japanese Americans from balancing their cultural identities. In the wartime, the mainstream society held hostility towards these immigrants, and so they were isolated by the majority. Moreover, some people’s adherence to their former culture became the obstacle of integrating into American society. Chinese always struggled to have cross-cultural communications proceed effectively and successfully due to their insistence on Chinese identity. In the article, â€Å"Two worlds, one family,† Jen was hoped that she could date Chinese persons by her friends. However, their insistence seemed to be stubborn because it blocked effective communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. In order to balance two different cultural identities, people should be more lenient with newcomers and more open to new culture.

Does Language Shape Culture?

Csecsei Luca 12. IB Does language shape culture? Most questions of whether and how language shapes thought start with the simple observation that languages differ from one another. And a lot! Just look at the way people talk, they might say. Certainly, speakers of different languages must attend to strikingly different aspects of the world just so they can use their language properly. The word order can be completely different among languages. And also there are tenses in some languages that we do not have, use or do not know what it really means. Such as the subjunctive in spanish language. It is a tense which is the hardest to learn while learning spanish, because such a tense that has so many meanings does not exist nor in hungarian, neither in english. I had the chance to spend a year in the U. K. and i also to take spanish there, i experinced that to learn this tense is just as hard for the english as it was for me when I learned spanish in my previous school, which was a spanish-hungarian bilingual school. Culture is learned, but taught through the language. Language is never the entity which has been invented in isolation. It certainly has evolved gradually with the continuous development of a culture. A culture being a building made of different beliefs in supernatural, social behaviors, human emotions, or way of expressing feelings, the language has continually adapted accordingly to accommodate these identified notion and gesture of human activity. Finding a symbolism every time to register it in the language, thus contributing to its growth. A language has always been a weapon to express one's ideas and feelings. And the reason enough to make this weapon more efficient to handle one's need of expressing things with intended accuracy. It has been tuned-up with each new finding, getting honed up continually to get its flawless shape with developing culture. Culture is determined by the language it uses with a great extent. The first thing that comes to my mind is always slang. Language clearly shows where people belong, if someone speaks really mincing his words that shows he is educated nd nor grown up on the streets like most of the people who use slang words and developed a whole new language between them. We are all members of a social group and members of `society? as a whole. People interact in many ways and communication is just about the most common and among the most important. Whatever is meaningful to a group, from their everyday life to their traditions constitutes their very own culture and is generally respec ted by all group members. Language is only one of such items. For ethnic minority groups that may have a language of their own, their language is a cornerstone in their culture. Take a look at dialects anywhere int he world. It clearly shows different customs, not just in language or communication. There a lots of dialects in South-America, for instance. Spanish in Latinamerica differs a lot from nations to nations, or we can also say, from culture to culture. There are dialects also in our country, Hungary. And people on the north of the country speak in a different way, like pronounce sounds so much different. Use words and expressions that we do not use at all. They also have differently built, constructed and decorated houses, songs, tales and wear different clothes as their costume. Taken together I do think linguistic processes are obtrusive in most fundamental domains of thought, unconsciously shaping us from the nuts and bolts of observation and perception to major life decisions. Language is central to our experience of being human and is central to our beliefs, and the languages we speak profoundly shape our culture.

10 of the biggest workplace time wasters

10 of the biggest workplace time wasters Office  distractions are endless at work. We spend a lot  of time surfing the web, checking in on social media, while still holding small talk at the water cooler. These â€Å"little† breaks throughout the day can add up in time you are supposed to be getting work done and it can waste productivity in the office. These workplace time wasters can affect your work ethic and quality of work you produce. It’s time to cut out these time wasters and focus on the task ahead. Here are 10 of the biggest workplace time wasters. How many of these are you guilty of doing throughout the day?Source [Yast]

Eleemosynary, A Full-Length Play by Lee Blessing

Eleemosynary, A Full-Length Play by Lee Blessing It might be best to begin your approach to this play by learning how to pronounce the title and understanding the meaning of this vocabulary word. In this dramatic work by Lee Blessing, three generations of highly intelligent and freethinking women attempt to reconcile years of family dysfunction. Dorothea was a repressed housewife and mother of three sons and a daughter, Artemis (Artie), whom she favored. She discovered that being an eccentric suited her perfectly and spent a lifetime thrusting her wild ideas and beliefs onto an unappreciative and doubting Artemis. Artemis ran away from Dorothea as soon as she could and kept on the move until she married and had a daughter of her own. She named her Barbara, but Dorothea renamed the child Echo and began to teach her everything from Ancient Greek to calculus. What Echo loves most is words and spelling. The title of the show comes from the winning word that Echo spelled correctly at the National Spelling Bee. The play jumps backward and forward in time. As one character relives a memory, the other two play themselves as they were during that time. In one memory, Echo portrays herself as a three-month-old. At the beginning of the play, Dorothea has suffered a stroke and is bedridden and catatonic for several scenes. Throughout the play, however, she takes part in her memories and then transitions back to the present, trapped in her minimally responsive body. The director and actors in Eleemosynary have the challenge of making these memory scenes feel authentic with smooth transitions and blocking. Production Details The production notes for Eleemosynary are specific regarding set and props. The stage needs to be filled with an abundance of books (signifying the sheer brilliance of these women), a pair of homemade wings, and perhaps a real pair of scissors. The rest of the props may be mimed or suggested. Furniture and sets should be as minimal as possible. The notes suggest only a few chairs, platforms, and stools. Lighting should consist of   â€Å"ever shifting areas of light and darkness.† The minimal set and the stress on lighting serve to assist the characters in moving between memories and the present time, allowing focus to be on their stories. Setting: Various rooms and locales Time: Now and then Cast size: This play can accommodate 3 female actors. Roles Dorothea is a self-acknowledged eccentric. She uses her eccentricity as a means to escape the judgment and pressures of a life she didn’t choose. Her desire was to influence her daughter to embrace her way of life, but when her daughter runs from her, she refocuses her attention on her granddaughter. Artemis has a perfect memory. She can remember anything and everything with total accuracy. She has two desires in life. The first is to research and find out everything she possibly can about this world. The second is to be as far away from her mother (in both body and spirit) as possible. She believes in her heart that she failed Echo and that failure can never be undone, just as she can never forget a single detail of her life. Echo has a mind to equal both her mother’s and grandmother’s. She is fiercely competitive. She loves her grandmother and wants to love her mother. By the end of the play, she is determined to use her competitive nature to mend her relationship with her elusive mother. She will no longer accept Artemis’s excuses for failing to be a mother to her. Content issues: Abortion, abandonment Resources You can watch a director and some actors discuss and rehearse the play.The  Dramatist Play Service holds the production rights for Eleemosynary.

The Working Poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Working Poor - Essay Example In a book written by Collins and Yeskel entitled â€Å"Economic Apartheid in America,† attention is focused on the widening gap between a few ultrawealthy individuals and the greater majority of people in the United States. The segregation spawns a culture of haves and have-nots. Those who struggle to attain a decent living wage for their families remain impoverished because the culture is skewed against them and fosters a poverty that is self-propagating. â€Å"This economic inequality comes from a mechanistic view of the world devoid of deep spiritual meaning, soul searching, and egalitarian human connection. It leaves little room for prioritizing fulfilling human relationships, nurturing the environment, or appreciating the sacred.† (Brettschneider, 2001) Despite the nation’s growing prosperity, real wages – that is, the money people can actually use from their paychecks – to stagnate or fall for more than half of the population. Inequality in wages between the highest and lowest paid workers is at its highest. The bottom 95 percent of the U.S. populace has less wealth than the top one percent of households. Seventy-five percent of workers have suffered some loss at work, such as loss of full-time employment, lack of retirement security, lack of health insurance, and loss of other similar benefits. 5. The United Nations Development Program reported in 1999 that the world’s 225 richest people have a combined wealth of $1 trillion, which is equivalent to the combined annual income of the world’s 2.5 billion poorest people. 6. The richest ten per cent of the world’s population receive about half (49.6%) of the total world income, while the bottom sixty percent (more than half) of the world’s population receive little more than one-tenth (13.9%) of the world’s income. In his book â€Å"The Working Poor†, David Shipler gave life

Total Quality Management in Hospital Pharmacy Term Paper

Total Quality Management in Hospital Pharmacy - Term Paper Example Despite these many different functions being discharged by the pharmacists, hospitals find it difficult to recruit pharmacists (Smith). At the same time many of the hospitals take initiatives like staff reductions due to lower patient concentration, reorganization of the hospital facilities, carrying out recommendations of external consultants, implementing automation in drug distribution and mergers and acquisitions of hospitals. In this context, a methodological review of the operations of a hospital becomes necessary for improving the efficiency and functioning of the healthcare settings. One of the recommendations is to apply Total Quality Management (TQM) for improving the performance of pharmacies in the hospitals. Although TQM has been practiced in manufacturing industries for quite some time, it is relatively a newer concept in the healthcare industry. Interest in the idea of TQM in healthcare settings started to take off during late 1980s. Even though all the hospitals that introduced the system of TQM have not proved successful many of the institutions could streamline their functions applying the concept (Zablocki). In this context this paper describes the application of Total Quality Management in the hospital pharmacies to improve the performance of the pharmacies as well as the overall performance of the hospitals. No other sector than the healthcare is best suited for the a... Another issue that healthcare industry is facing is the deterioration in the service quality with numerous complaints from the patients and other stakeholders. In addition employee turnover and shortage of nurses and pharmacists is a major concern at most large and medium sized hospitals. This situation leads to more number of deaths which otherwise could have been avoided with proper systems and procedures in place to deliver quality medical service to the patients (Institute of Medicine). This makes the healthcare industry to respond with an appropriate mechanism to ensure an all round improvement in the efficiency of operations and to provide better and efficient healthcare service to the patients. Since hospital pharmacy happens to be an important constituent of any healthcare setting, revamping the department with the introduction of newer systems and procedures has become imminent. One of the suggested techniques to improve the performance of hospital pharmacies is the Total Qu ality Management that is applied to meet/exceed customer satisfaction. Most of the hospitals have established quality improvement programs and departments, in order to implement and follow up the quality initiatives not only in the hospital pharmacies but in every department of the hospitals. The quality initiatives taken by these specialized departments have been found to be successful in increasing the awareness of the employees about the customers and patients of the hospital, and the initiatives also helped in error reduction and improving patient satisfaction (Herzlinger). Even though the methods employed focused generally on improving the care, they do not address the issue of improving the organizational systems in total and therefore are not responsive to the needs of the

Critically consider the impact of implementing the new statutory Essay

Critically consider the impact of implementing the new statutory guidence for the new early years foundation stage 2012 across the early years sector - Essay Example It also involves having enabling environment where the experiences and opportunities are tailored to meet the individual needs of the child and lastly the learning and development which must appreciate that a child learns in different ways and rates (Standards & Testing Agency 2014, p.4). The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework avails to professionals a set of common principles and commitments aimed at delivering early education to children in a quality manner and gives childcare experiences that are expected of all children. The framework majorly gives confidence to the parent that whichever place they choose for the early education of their children they are assured that the same principles and commitments provided by the British law shall apply to the experiences of their children in terms of learning and development. The EYFS 2012 emphasizes the need for professionals to spend enough time in interacting with the children in order to promote skills that may help the child be creative think critically and know how to communicate and develop language at an early stage (Soni and Bristow 2013, p.41). It also encourages the parents to e more involved in the development of the child and to give insights on how they can support the development at their respective home s as well as the early identification of the needs of the child that may require special attention or the involvement of healthcare providers. It also aims at equipping professionals with the knowledge of how they can share the progress of children between the ages of two and three and how to refocus the learning and development of children still at the early foundation stages. The aforementioned are assessed through the important areas of learning that address learning and they include personal, emotional and social development as well as the specifics when it comes to the literacy, mathematics, design and expressive arts and understanding of the world. The EYFS

Effects Of Good Oral Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay

Effects Of Good Oral Hygiene Health And Social Care Essay This paper aims to review the literature surrounding the chosen intervention of oral hygiene. Specifically the effects of good oral hygiene of ventilated patients in a critical care environment. The intervention was selected after the author completed an 8 week placement in an ICU department and to improve evidence-based practice. To retain anonymity the name of the hospital will not be disclosed this complies with the NMC code of professional conduct (2008). It was based on an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) that specialized in the care of level 2 and 3 patients with neurological problems. The majority of the patients on this unit were on advanced respiratory support such as ventilators as well as having with support other vital organ systems. It was noted by the author during the placement that there was a high incidence chest infections. This may have been related to the patients oral hygiene despite the unit adhering to a strict cleansing regime and trust policy/protocols. Firstly, the department adhered to the current recommendations outlined by National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2008). NICE states that to reduce the risk of pneumonia in patients on a ventilator patients should be in a semi upright position. Also that some sort of antiseptic is used within the mouth care routine for the patient. These are very vague guidelines and the writer feels further investigation is needed to claify what is best standard practice for mouth care. Intensive care patients have complex oral care needs, inadequate oral care can predispose ICU patients to nosocomial infections such as pneumonia (Ruffell and Admcova, 2008). Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is defined as a nosocomical pneumonia that develops in a patient who has been on mechanical ventilary support (intubated) for 48 hour or more (Hutchins et el, 2009), it is a recognised problem in intubated patients, as well as a important cause of morbidity and mortality. In European Prevalence of Infection in ICU study (Vincent et al, 1995) VAP was the most frequent infection accouting for 45% of all infections in ICUs Recent evidence indicates the colonization of the mouth with respiratory pathogens may contribute to VAP. VAP has been associated with increase morbidity, higher mortality rates, increased healthcare cost and longer hospital stays(Hutchins et el,2009).VAP is the leading source of death due to nosocomicalinfection in ICUs (Berry, 2007) Upon reflection, it was observed that there was a high prevalence of VAP on the ward despite the use of high impact interventions such as ventilator care bundles prescribed on the ward. (Saving Lives, 2007) The Health Act 2006 Code of Practice also states that the NHS organisations must audit key policy and procedures for infection control.This included brushing with toothpaste and a small toothbrush, chlorhexidine rinses, suctioning, checking cuff inflation, humidification of and a semi recumbarant positioning. This underpins the rational for selecting the nursing intervention of oral mouth care in VAP prevention. The author felt by reviewing the relevant literature surround the use over mouth care products and associated research the extent to which current literature support or question current evidence based guidelines, could anything else be done to prevent all these infections. Gash defined a literature review as a systematic and thorough search of all types of published literature in order to identify as many items as possible that are relevant to a particular topic (Gash, 2000). Due to the time constraint and the limited number of words allowed the search has been specifically narrowed down and utilised the appropriate and relevant literature. The key words used in the search were oral hygiene and intensive care, with the variants of oral decontamination, mouth care, intubated and mechanically ventilated. The research strategies for selecting literature to review for this paper involved the following databases where searched using EBSCO CINAHL, OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane Library search engines this returned 10224 hits, The search was then narrowed through filtering to only include the core clinical journals or academic papers. The inclusion criteria included research studies and reviews which focused on the oral hygiene in a intensive care setting, articles in this review where published in the last 10 years, focused on adults and written or translated into English. This produced 123 papers, with a search manually finding only 9 that where relevant and will be discussed below. Oral Hygiene effective removal of plaque and debris to ensure the structures and tissues of the mouth are kept in a healthy condition (DOH, 2001). Effective oral health care makes an important contribution to peoples physical, psychological and social well being (Major, 2005). Maintaining oral health in the critically ill patient is imperative in reducing the risk of nosocomial infections and improving patient comfort and discharge outcomes. Critically ill patients are at great risk for poor oral health as many are elderly, undernourished, dehydrated, immunosuppressed, have a smoking or alcohol history, are intubated or on high-flow oxygen, and are unable to mechanically remove dental plaque.(AUS, 2003). Mircoaspiration may occur in patients with a depressed conscience level and reduced cough effort ability, or with a ill fitting or a partially deflated fitting cuff around the endotracheal tube. Critically ill patients lack of spontaneous movement of the tongue movement of the tongue and jaw, infrequent swallowing, and ability to brush teeth because of ventilation equipment as early as 24 hours after ICU admission. (2) Having read through all the research it is evident that studies are contradictory. For example Hutchins (2009) believes the gold standard of oral hygiene is suctioned toothbrushes every four hours followed by Chlorhexidine mouth wash. This reduced VAP by 90% in their study over three years, however can this study be valid as there was no control group or randomization. Furthermore, is research completed in America transferable to the UK. This study was not designed as a RCT but rather as a quality improvement initiative. There was also no numbers of the study size only that all patients ventilated where included over a period of time. Therefore, it could be argued that this study required a sample to measure findings, also completed in America where they have a different a private health care structure and high budgets and funding. Hutchins states the oral hygiene should be completed every 4 hours but The Essence of Care (2001) document emphasises the importance of assessing individu als, in relation to how their oral hygiene can be maintained with its best practice bench mark: All patients/clients are assessed to identify the advice and/or care required to maintain and promote their individual oral hygiene (DOH, 2001). So to do Mouth care on a patient every 4 hours when it needs to be done every hour is unethical, And if the patient only needs mouth care twice a day and your completing every 4 hours this is a waste of nursing time. Maintaining patient safety when administrating mouth care so not to dislodge the endotractcal tube, failing to remove all the toothpaste and mouth wash, putting the patient at risk of aspiration, are all expressed concerns by nurses as concerns when doing mouth care. These reasons as well as patient comfort all influence the nurse to the frequency of mouth care (Berry and Davidson, 2006). Unfortunately, emphasis on the provision of oral care hygiene is allocated as a low priority in nursing duties and student teaching(Berry and Davidson, 2006) although considered to be a basic nursing practice it is relegated to the bottom of the list of duties when caring for a complex intensive care patient. A paper written in 2003 found that Reinforcing proper oral care in education programmes, de-sensitizing nurses to the often-perceived unpleasantness of cleaning oral cavities, and working with hospital managers to allow sufficient time to attend to oral care are recommended.(Furr et el, 2004) Nurse education in oral health practice has remained relatively unchanged for 120 years, and qualified staff lack of adequate knowledge of oral health. In a systematic review (Berry, 20?) sites that nurses in the absence of evidence based guidelines to direct best practice, perform oral hygiene according to individual preferences and historical patterns. These are normally a combination of product availability and nurses previous experience. But the NMC The Code Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics (NMC 2008): You must deliver care based on the best available evidence of best practice., although nurses are unclear about what is the best practice, there are many unclear studies and vague guidelines when it comes to Oral hygiene.. The benefits of oral decontamination in reducing VAP have been reviewed in a recent meta-analysis published by the British Journal of Nursing (BJN) This is a peer reviewed journal meaning that to publish within it, others of the same standing have read and agreed with its findings (LoBiondo and Wood, 2002). Toothbrushes/ Mouth swobs The use of the toothbrush in the mechanical removal of plaque, even in the intubated patient, has been proven to be superior to the swab,(AUS)(10) although electric toothbrushes are preferable, their cost, size and the potential for cross-infection limits their use AUS, (2003). Hutchins et al, (2009) research an icu where they had a ventilator bundle that included the use of suction tooth brushes. Swob sticks have been reported as ineffective in removing debris between the teeth and gum borders (Berry at el, 2007) although it was suggested that the use of foam swabs soaked in Chlorhexidine if a toothbrush is considered inappropriate. Although some research shows that mouth swobs should never be used due to them falling apart in the mouth (?)studies indicate that swabbing is the preferred method of oral care in the ICU (Furr et el, 2004) Tooth brushing with a child sized brush is superior to form swobs in removing dental plaque and bacteria in nurse administered oral care (Furr et el, 2004) Mouth wash Although few have been tested in the critical care population, the mouth care rises include chlorhexidine, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate In a study conducted by Chan (Chan et el,) published in 2007 they found that the oral decontamination of vented patients using antiseptics is associated with a lower risk of VAP(Chan et el, 2007) but they did not reduce mortality or duration of mechanical ventilation or stay in hospital. Although in (Panchabhai et el, 2009) found that use of chlorhexidine did not reduce the amount of VAP compared to the control group, although both groups had reduced numbers of infection, but it did reduce the length of ICU stay. This may have been because they used potassium permanganate as a control rather than a placebo, also when the study was in progress periodic briefing of ICU nurses regarding the importance of mouth care and regular supervision and auditing where done so may have contributed to the decrease of VAP and length of stay. Chlorhexidine is the most investigated and recommended oral care product for preventing VAP.(Senol et el, 2007), although not all studies have found this. There have been reported cases of allergic reactions to Chlorhexidine. (?) Chlorhexidine may also cause brown discolouration to the teeth. (?) . Other ways of helping reduce are To reduce the incidence of VAP incline the head up to 35 percent, interruptions to sedation and the use of subglottic suctioning of secretions. Patients are also but on Tazocine Senol et el (2007) describes that an organised approach to VAP prevention can reduce the rate of VAP. A ventilator bundle is a group of interventions for the intubated patient found to be effective in the reduction rate of VAP. This included elevating the head, sedation vacations, prophylaxis for peptic ulcers and DVT thrombosis. At present there is a review in China underway that is look at Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia, for the Cochrane library. Unfortunately at the time of writing this hasnt come to print (Shi et el, 2010) Berry et el (2007) systematic review concluded need more research Conclusion As indicated in (Marra et el, 2009) to control VAP in the ICU, it is not sufficient to implement 1 measure, or even an ventilator bundle, but rather it requires a culture change involving the entire ICU team. The writer feels that rather than just good oral hygiene to prevent VAP, The ventilator bundle seems to have good results. Education for all ICU nurses, prescribed mouth care products, and valid and reliable assessment tools are needed. The Writer feels that the reading and the literature search have extended their understanding of the key concepts, theories and methodologies surrounding oral decontamination, they have an increased awareness and knowledge and understanding of mouth care and are in a better position to make an informed choice about what practice to use.

A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis

A Portrait of Franz Kafka's Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis Franz Kafka seems to have had a tough time growing up with his father, who was apparently a domineering, unapproachable man. A few years before Franz's untimely death, he wrote a long letter to his father in an attempt to address many of the lingering issues which had plagued their relationship. He may have tried through his fictional writing to reach his father prior to the letter, using a kind of "metaphor code." Franz Kafka became other characters representing himself in his fiction. In The Metamorphosis, his character, whose name is Gregor Samsa, becomes a giant beetle as the result of an unexplained transformation at the very beginning. The fact that the author is actually the main character is so cleverly disguised and the details so carefully presented that this encoded message becomes an entertaining literary work in its own right. While many of Kafka's short stories, e.g. The Judgment, A Country Doctor, appear to be vignettes, The Metamorphosis is more or less a surreal self -portrait of Franz's life and his troubled relationship with his family. The concepts of psychological abuse, entrapment and escape are ongoing themes in Kafka's work, and The Metamorphosis contains several examples that specifically relate to his father. The main character takes the role as caretaker of the family, is transformed into a bug and left to eventually die in his room. In The Metamorphosis, the main character awakens from "troubled dreams" into an even more troubled reality. At the beginning, the rain beating against the window of his room gives him a depressed, melancholy feeling. This sets the tone for the entire story. According to Franz Kafka, his father c... ...or no affect on his father and their relationship, as he still felt compelled to write a long personal letter plainly stating his feelings. Although Franz intended for the letter to reach his father, it was never sent to him instead it was returned to Franz by his mother. Ironically, even in his straightforward attempt, Franz had failed, though, in a sense his father did read the letter by reading most of his son's work. The fact that he died only a few years later, long before his father did, seems to have been eerily foreshadowed in The Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka seems to have thought that some of the most liberating occurrences are those that are beyond one's control. Works Cited Kafka, Franz. Letter to His Father (1919) Kafka, Franz. "The Metamorphosis." Franz Kafka: The Complete Stories. Ed. Nahum N. Glatzer. N.Y.: Schocken Books Inc., 1971: 89-139.

Vertical Integration

Andrew Carnegie, owner of the Carnegie Steel Company, used vertical integration, a system of related businesses in which a parent company owns its suppliers, to increase his businesses efficiency levels. Carnegie bought out the companies and suppliers that carried the raw materials and services he required for his business. He was able to control everything he needed, and make agreements with other companies to buy his steel. Using this method, he saved money and increased his profits.The Walt Disney World Corporation also uses vertical integration, just as Carnegie had done. Walt Disney plans, produces, advertises, and distributes all their own products. These products are sold in stores all owned by Disney. What also adds to the use of vertical integration within this corporation would be the purchase of ABC. Through this acquisition, it was a way for Walt Disney to propagate some of its programs on its own.Vertical integration affects society by creating less competition, it makes businesses’ profits increase and allows them to save money. There are many positive reasons for vertical integration, such as improving supply chain coordination and reduce transportation costs, but with that always comes the negatives. Due to the lack of supplier competition, there are potentially higher costs, and there is a lower opportunity to increase product variation. Vertical Integration Andrew Carnegie, owner of the Carnegie Steel Company, used vertical integration, a system of related businesses in which a parent company owns its suppliers, to increase his businesses efficiency levels. Carnegie bought out the companies and suppliers that carried the raw materials and services he required for his business. He was able to control everything he needed, and make agreements with other companies to buy his steel. Using this method, he saved money and increased his profits.The Walt Disney World Corporation also uses vertical integration, just as Carnegie had done. Walt Disney plans, produces, advertises, and distributes all their own products. These products are sold in stores all owned by Disney. What also adds to the use of vertical integration within this corporation would be the purchase of ABC. Through this acquisition, it was a way for Walt Disney to propagate some of its programs on its own.Vertical integration affects society by creating less competition, it makes businesses’ profits increase and allows them to save money. There are many positive reasons for vertical integration, such as improving supply chain coordination and reduce transportation costs, but with that always comes the negatives. Due to the lack of supplier competition, there are potentially higher costs, and there is a lower opportunity to increase product variation.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mediation Is a Form of Negotiation

A Learning Team Charter is a necessary element in managing a successful team. An effective team that aims to accomplish manageable results needs goals, communication, and conflict management. What the team will go through is a process in management and here is where the team charter will show its value. Without a team charter, the team process will at the end of the day falter and fail. The major components of the charter needed to ensure team success includes team goals, system of communication, and most important, a system of settling differences or conflict management. To handle disputes a clause called the â€Å"alternative dispute resolution† (ADR). ADR includes processes and techniques that act as a means for disagreeing parties to come to an agreement. Despite historic resistance to ADR, it has gained widespread acceptance among both the general public and the legal profession in recent years. The most common form of ADR is arbitration. Other forms of ADR are negotiation, mediation, conciliation, mini-trial, fact-finding, and using a judicial referee (Cheesman, 2010). The most effective method that will suit the needs of our learning team is the mediation method. If an agreement cannot be reached during the mediation process, then the arbitration method will be utilized. Mediation is a form of negotiation in which a neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a settlement of their dispute. The neutral third party is called a mediator (Cheesman, 2010). Within a team environment the mediator would be the team members not involved in the dispute. If an agreement cannot be reached during the mediation process, then the arbitration method will be used. In arbitration, the parties choose an impartial third party to hear and decide the dispute. This neutral party is called the arbitrator. The arbitrator in a team charter environment would be the professor of our class. The arbitration process will only be used as a last resort and the professor’s decision cannot be disputed. In most cases there are no disputes that occur in a team environment because all members want to work together to accomplish a common goal which in a classroom situation means getting the best team grade possible. In the rare event that a dispute arises, the ADR process is fast becoming the process of choice in settling disputes.